Population migration to coastal cities has created a greater potential labor force, which in turn m

Contents [hide] Independent Front 2 and the abolition of slavery in the nineteenth century 2.1 2.2 2.3 union legalization of illegal unions antitrust and labor law Lochner era modern 4 5 6 postwar regulate the civil rights movement in the 1970s 7 8 issued 20 legislative 1970s 9 View 10 Note 11 References [edit] revolutionary period in American history, a significant labor disputes before the pre-independence. For example, in 1636, there is a fishermen's strike on a small island nhua of the coast of Maine and in 1677 was fined 12 Carmen strike in New York City. [1] However, labor markets in most cases turbulent colonial al. [2] little legal recourse is available to those injured in the unrest, because nhua the strikers were not generally considered to be illegal. [3] The only known cases under temporary, isolated, rarely lead to the formation of a permanent labor negotiation purposes. The results of criminal prosecution, a carpenter strike nhua in Savannah, Georgia, in 1746, occurred in workers colonial era. [4]
The beginning of the 19th century, after the revolution, changed little. Most craftsmen still based on a career path to the master apprentice, moving nhua into independent production. [5] However, with the process of the industrial revolution, this model rapidly changing, especially in major metropolitan areas. For example, in Boston, in 1790, most of the city's craftsmen nhua in 1300 described himself as "the Lord's workers." 1815, no skilled workers displaced independent of the means of production, as most of these "master." [6] At that time skilled than its owner in New York and Philadelphia. nhua [7] This shift in the results of large-scale trans-Atlantic and rural to urban migration.
Population migration to coastal cities has created a greater potential labor force, which in turn makes capital investments in large-scale controller-intensive enterprises. [8] technology found these changes as they introduce a degree of competition with each other, they have not experienced before, which limits their opportunities and create a considerable risk, flows down before, no longer exists [9]. [Edit] nineteenth century [edit] slavery nhua and abolition of these cases resulted in the United States under the first labor combinations. In the first half of the 19th century, there are 23 known cases of prosecution and prosecution of criminal conspiracy, it occurred in six states: Pennsylvania, Maryland, nhua New York, Louisiana, Massachusetts and Virginia. Wages and benefits [10] The core issue in these cases is always a combination of whether workers get an increase, reduce hours, or better nhua condition, which is beyond their ability to get individuals will be allowed to use their collective bargaining capacity . In most of the cases were convicted. However, in most cases, the plaintiff's desire is to establish a good precedent, rather than imposing harsh penalties, fines generally insignificant. [11]
The central theme of the case, before he Commonwealth v. Hunt, the legitimacy nhua of the union to resolve a landmark decision, the American Revolution after the English common nhua law applicability. Whether the British common law, in particular whether the application of common law concepts, conspiracy to raise wages is illegal and the defense and the prosecution of debate themes often between. Common law [12] For example, in Commonwealth v Pullis in 1806 cordwainers combination of a journeyman in Philadelphia as a conspiracy to raise their wages, defense counsel mentioned is arbitrary and unknown, nhua but Parliament praised the democratic promise of the revolution embodiments. [13] In ruling combination to raise wages in itself illegal, recorder Moses Levy strongly disagreed, he wrote: "The form of legislation [t] he acts, but a small part of the code from the citizens is learning his Responsibilities ... [a] T is a large number of common law that we seek is far greater than the number of information, as well as before the most important reason, our courts come. "[14]
Therefore, the combination of workers, the typical early description of the United States before, Hunter 1842 wage increases nhua in worker spate of convictions provisions of labor law in Massachusetts, peace combination nhua of shorter working hours, nhua to ensure that employment, the United States nhua is illegal, because They are based on English common law. [15] In the UK, the first ever criminal conspiracy law, including restrictions on trade court as early as the 17th century closed combination [16] precedent coagulation [17] In 1721, R v Cambridge skilled tailors, found guilty of a tailor conspiracy to raise wages. Leonard Levy actually means looking for American trade unionism nhua "Magna Carta." [18] described its position as the main points of disagreement in disgrace to the law of the US and UK trade unions, labor organized crime, "delete." [19]
However, the case law in the United States before, Hunter mix. Pullis is actually unusual, in strict accordance with a combination of common law and holds British, higher wages, which in itself is illegal. Before the more common combinations, Hunter did not think the trade unions themselves are illegal, but found some other reason conviction. [20] Pullis in 1806, the 18 other workers nhua sued conspiracy in the next three decades. 21] However, only one such case, people v Fisher also believes that the purpose of raising wages is illegal combinations. [22] held in other cases, by the method used by trade unions, rather than their union illegal. [Twenty three]
For example, in People nhua v Melvin, cordwainers again convicted of conspiracy to raise wages. However, unlike in Pullis, the court held, the existence of the portfolio itself is not illegal, but to reach a conviction but because cordwainers reject nhua any owners who pay lower wages, or with any workers who accept lower wages more than anything merger regulations. [24] The court held that the method, in order to obtain higher wages, it is an offense, if they are considered harmful, general social welfare. [25] Commonwealth v. Morrow continue to improve this standard, the right to describe harm others or society of two or more, the "Agreement" is illegal. [26]
Under another line of cases decided by the Supreme nhua Court, Justice John Gibson, Pennsylvania, Commonwealth v Carlisle held, with motives, rather than simply exist is not legal. [27] Gibson wrote, "when an individual's behavior is legal, it can be the subject of a conspiracy, in concert, only in direct intent, would cause harm." nhua [28] in favor of a combination of regulatory requirements is the cause of an injury, there are other court dismissed Pullis nhua "the per se rule [29] as an economist Edwin Witte said:." [T] his theory nhua combine to raise wages is illegal to die agreement nhua I agree. Under no circumstances leading overthrow needs. "[30] However, Hunt believes that labor unions are legitimate, is not the first case, it is the first to do so in a clear and clear terms of reference. [Edit] legalized nhua the trade unions Thirteenth Amendment Britain Federation: v Pullis (1806) or under circumstances nhua Philadelphia Cordwainers, holding trade union federation v criminal conspiracy Hunt (1842), that the workers' right to organize and strike Horace Gray wood, master and servant (1877) [. edit] Antitrust and Lochner era See also: US Anti 托拉斯法谢尔曼 antitrust nhua law in re De Beisi 1,890,158, US 564 (1895) to maintain the federal ban, the workers return to work and held Eugene Debs contempt of court to continue to organize the Pullman strike Vegelahn v Quantum Massachusetts 92,167 nhua (1896) Sherlock Holmes dissenting Ĵ Massachusetts Supreme Court held that workers' organizations are essential aspects nhua of the anti-side combination of capital, if the market is The job fair. Loewe v. Lawler nhua 208 US 274 (1908) or